? PHP MySQL PDO

? Quick Overview

PHP Data Objects (PDO) is a database access layer that provides a uniform method of interaction with multiple database systems such as MySQL, SQLite, and PostgreSQL. It improves security and flexibility when working with databases.

? Key Concepts

PDO uses a consistent API for multiple database drivers
Supports prepared statements to prevent SQL injection
Uses exceptions for error handling
Encourages clean and maintainable database code

? Syntax & Theory

A PDO connection is created using a Data Source Name (DSN), username, and password. Error handling is commonly managed using exceptions for better debugging and control.

? Code Example

? View Code Example

// Create a PDO connection to a MySQL database
setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
echo "Connected successfully using PDO!";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage();
}
?>

? Live Output / Explanation

If the connection is successful, the message Connected successfully using PDO! will be displayed. If an error occurs, the exception message will describe the issue.

? Interactive Concept

This PDO connection example can be expanded by adding prepared statements and fetching data dynamically, making it suitable for real-world database-driven applications.

?️ Use Cases

User authentication systems
CRUD operations in web applications
Secure form data handling
Database abstraction for large projects

✅ Tips & Best Practices

Always use prepared statements to handle user input safely
Enable exception mode for easier debugging
Store database credentials securely
Reuse PDO connections where possible

? Try It Yourself

Create a table and insert records using prepared statements
Fetch records using fetch() and fetchAll()
Implement update and delete operations using PDO